Digital Instructions and Self-Directed Learning as Determinants of Academic Performance Amongst Higher Education Institutions’ Students (Heis)
-
Published: April 30, 2025
-
Page: 123-135
Abstract
The rapid digitalization of education has transformed instructional methodologies in higher education institutions (HEIs). This paper explores the role of digital instruction and self-directed learning (SDL) as key determinants of academic performance. While digital instruction offers flexibility and accessibility, SDL empowers students to take ownership of their learning. The interplay between these factors significantly influences academic success. The population of study covered all the students of the government owned tertiary institutions in the six geopolitical zones used for the study. The study adopted the correlational survey design and utilized purposive sampling technique to select 185 students from the institutions. The instruments used for the study was developed by the researchers, titled Digital Instructions and Self-directed Learning as determinants of academic performance amongst Higher Education Institutions’ Students (HEIs) Questionnaire (DIaSLdAHEIsQ). The instrument was validated by experts in measurement and evaluation department to ensure content validity. The reliability of 0.88 at Cronbach alpha using test-retest method, there after Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used. Two (2) research questions were raised to guide this study and they were answered using the PPMC. The findings of the study revealed that digital instructions significantly correlate with academic performance of students in HEI (r = .244**, N= 185, P < .05), and also that digital instructions positively correlate with self – directed learning amongst students in HEI (r = .337***, N= 185, P < .05) at 0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the following recommendations were made, that articulate use of digital resources ought to be underpinned by deployment of meaningful instructional materials and digital tools and activities. Teachers’ professional competence on the use of digital resources.
- Digital instructions
- Self–Directed Learning
- Digital Resources
- Academic Performance

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Aslan S (2021) Analysis of digital literacy self-efficacy levels of pre-service teachers. International Journal of Technology in Education 4(1): 57–67.
- Arnab, S., Lim, T., Carvalho, M. B., Bellotti, F., De Freitas, S., Louchart, S., et al. (2015). Mapping learning and game mechanics for serious games analysis. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 46, 391–411. doi: 10.1111/bjet.12113
- Blumberg, F. C., and Fisch, S. M. (2013). “Introduction: digital games as a context for cognitive development, learning, and developmental research,” in Digital Games: A Context for Cognitive Development. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, eds F. C. Blumberg and S. M. Fisch (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons), 1–9.
- Braun H (2019) Performance assessment and standardization in higher education: a problematic conjunction? British Journal of Educational Psychology 89(3): 429–440.
- Cazan, A. M., & Schiopca, B. A. (2014). Self-directed learning, personality traits and academic achievement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 640–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.327
- Darmayanti, T. (1994). Readiness for self-directed learning and achievement of the students of
- Universitas Terbuka (The Indonesian Open Learning University). Unpublished master thesis. The University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
- Doherty, P. B. (2000). Success factors among community college students in an online learning
- environment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale- Davie, FL.
- El Gharbaoui, A., & Alami, H. (2024). The Influence of Social Media on the Consumer Decision-Making Process and Preferences in the Digital Era. Книга, 25.
- Eluemuno, A.I, Nwikpo,M.N, Eluchie, O. J, Onah, T.A, Nbisike,G.O, & Nwaji, L. (2024). Information and communication technology and emotional Intelligence as correlates of academic performance among in–school adolescents in Owerri Municipal, Imo state. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and current educational research (IJMCER). 6(2), 288 – 295.
- Guglielmino, L. M., & Guglielmino, P. J. (2003b). Identifying learners who are ready for e-learning and supporting their success. In G. M. Piskurich (Ed.), Preparing learners for e-learning (pp.18-33). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Ghavifekr, S., Kunjappan, T., & Rasamany, L. (2016). Teaching and learning with ICT tools: Issues and challenges from teachers’ perceptions. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 4(2), 38-57.
- Gould, R. (2012a). ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology 2013. In C2C Digital Magazine (Vol. 1). 2018.
- Goldin, A. P., Hermida, M. J., Shalom, D. E., Elias Costa, M., Lopez-Rosenfeld, M., Segretin, M. S., ... & Sigman, M. (2014). Far transfer to language and math of a short software-based gaming intervention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(17), 6443-6448.
- Hamann K, Pilotti MAE and Wilson BM (2021) What lies beneath: the role of self-efficacy, causal attribution habits, and gender in accounting for the success of college students. Education Sciences 11(7): 333.
- Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J. M., Golinkoff, R. M., Gray, J. H., Robb, M. B., & Kaufman, J. (2015). Putting education in “educational” apps: Lessons from the science of learning. Psychological science in the public interest, 16(1), 3-34.
- Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning
- Hsu, Y. C., & Shiue, Y. M. (2005). The effect of self-directed learning readiness on achievement
- comparing face-to-face and two-way distance learning instruction. International Journal of Instructional Media, 32 (2), 143-155.
- Hung M-L, Chou C, Chen C-H, et al. (2010) Learner readiness for online learning: scale development and student perceptions. Computers & Education 55(3): 1080–1090.
- Hwang Y and Oh J (2021) The relationship between self-directed learning and problem-solving ability: the mediating role of academic self-efficacy and self-regulated learning among nursing students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(4): 1738.
- Kara M (2022) Revisiting online learner engagement: exploring the role of learner characteristics in an emergency period. Journal of Research on Technology in Education 54(sup1): S236–S252.
- C. Pinho et al. (2018). Web portals as tools to support information management in higher education institutions: A systematic literature review International Journal of Information Management
- Kebritchi M 2017, studied on Issues and Challenges for Teaching Successful Online Courses in Higher Education: A literature review Journal of Educational Technology Systems Vol 46 (I) DOI: 10.1177/0047239516661713.
- Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Follett Publishing Company.
- Le Cornu, A. (2011). Visitors and Residents: A new typology for online engagement. First monday.
- Lieberman, D. A., Bates, C. H., and So, J. (2009). Young children’s learning with digital media. Computer. Sch. 26, 271–283. doi: 10.1080/07380560903360194
- Loeng S (2020) Self-directed learning: a core concept in adult education. Educational Research International 2020: 1–12.
- Long, H. B. (1991). College students’ self-directed learning readiness and educational achievement. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Self-directed learning: Consensus and conflict (pp. 107-122). Oklahoma, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education of the University of Oklahoma.
- Lopez-Rosenfeld, M., Goldin, A. P., Lipina, S., Sigman, M., & Slezak, D. F. (2013). Mate Marote: A flexible automated framework for large-scale educational interventions. Computers & Education, 68, 307-313.
- Mahmoodi, M. H., Kalantari, B., & Ghaslani, R. (2014). Self-regulation, motivation, and language achievement. International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World, 7(1), 117–127.
- Maphalala, M. C., & Ajani, O. A. (2023). The COVID-19 pandemic: Shifting from conventional classroom learning to online learning in South Africa’s higher education. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, (2 (38).
- Morris, T. H. (2024). Four dimensions of self-directed learning: A fundamental meta-competence in a changing world. Adult Education Quarterly, 74(3), 236-254.
- Paul J and Jefferson F (2019) A comparative analysis of student performance in an online vs. face-to-face environmental science course from 2009 to 2016. Frontiers of Computer Science 1: 7.
- Pate, S. R. (2019). Project: Effect of digital learning on academic achievement of secondary school students. Project: Effect of Digital Learning on Secondary School Students
- Prensky M (2001) Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1. On the Horizon 9(5): 1–6.
- Ramaila, S & Mpinga, N. P. (2022).The Effect of Digital Learning on the Academic Achievement and Motivation of Natural Sciences Learners: A Case Study of a South African Independent School. International Journal of Higher Education 11, (7), 71 – 78. doi:10.5430/ijhe.v11n7p71
- Ransome E. B., Jean R. & Kala K.(2020). The role of digital information use on student performance and collaboration in marginal universities, International Journal of Information Management, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102179 .
- Rini R, Mujiyati M, & Sukamto I. (2022). The effect of self-directed learning on students’ digital literacy levels in online learning. International Journal of Instruction 15(3): 329
- Santiago, K., Lukas, J. F., Etxeberria, J., and Gobantes, A. (2009). Evaluation of the IKASYS programme. Research, Reflections and Innovations in Integrating ICT in Education. Badajoz: FORMATEX, 51–54.344.
- Salmon G (2013). E-Tivities: The Key to Active Online Learning. London, UK: Routledge.
- Shen D, Cho M-H, Tsai C-L, et al. (2013) Unpacking online learning experiences: online learning self-efficacy and learning satisfaction. The Internet and Higher Education 19: 10–17
- Snyder, I., & Prinsloo, M. (2007). Young people’s engagement with digital literacies in marginal contexts in a globalized world. Language and Education, 21(3), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.2167/le745.0
- Song, L., & Hill, J. R. (2007). A conceptual model for understanding self-directed learning in online environments. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 6(1), 27–42.
- Sun-Lin, H. Z., & Chiou, G. F. (2017). Effects of self-explanation and game-reward on sixth graders’ Algebra variable learning. Educational Technology & Society, 20(4), 126–137. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26229211. Accessed 11-02-2024.
- UNESCO. (2024). "Global Trends in Digital Education." UNESCO Education Report
- Urquhart, C., Thomas, R., Spink, S., Fenton, R., Yeoman, A., Lonsdale, R., Rowley, J. (2005). Student use of electronic information services in further education. International Journal of Information Management, 25(4), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2005.04.006
- Vuorikari R, Kluzer S and Punie Y (2022) DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. Luxembourg, UK: Publications Office of the European Union.
- Vygotsky L (1978). Mind in society. In: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA and London, UK: Harvard University Press.
- Wang Q, Xiong C & Liu J (2021). Does culture or self-directed learning drive online performance? International Journal of Educational Management 35(6): 1077–1098.
- White DS & Le Cornu A (2011) Visitors and residents: a new typology for online engagement. First Monday 16(9): DOI: 10.5210/fm.v16i9.3171.
- Yustika GP & Iswati S (2020) Digital literacy in formal online education: a short review. Dinamika Pendidikan 15(1): 66–76.
- Zhang, D., Zhou, L., Briggs, R. O., and Nunamaker, J. F. Jr. (2006). Instructional video in e-learning: assessing the impact of interactive video on learning effectiveness. Inform. Manag. 43, 15–27. doi: 10.1016/j.im.2005.01.004